All day long, I’ve been getting pinged with this video of a man appearing to be praying in a Mustang Mach-E as it repeatedly crashes into a barrier and then into another car. People have speculated that the car was undergoing some form of unintended acceleration or, perhaps, the car’s advanced cruise control was going haywire. As a person who takes both driving and praying seriously, I was hesitant to jump on it because something seemed quite wrong. According to the California Highway Patrol, there might be a simple explanation.
I am old enough to remember another freak-out over unintended acceleration with green cars in California. It was 15 years ago, and Toyota was having an issue with floormats getting stuck underneath the skinny pedal on various cars. This led to a recall of almost four million vehicles. This also led to a bunch of random people claiming their cars–often Toyota Prius hybrids–crashed because of this unintended acceleration.
The most infamous example involves a man whose “runaway Prius” had to be stopped by a California Highway Patrol car. The whole saga made no sense, and the conclusion many came to was that this was a hoax. I’m not 100% sure it’s clear what happened in California with this Mustang Mach-E, but the Internet seems to have quickly jumped to explanations that don’t make any sense when you watch the harrowing video (The original appears to be here on TikTok):
As you can see in the YouTube video above, a green electric Mach-E is scraping itself along the side of a jersey barrier near San Carlos, California, yesterday. The man inside, instead of trying to stop the car, appears to be praying. Once the barrier ends, the car quickly turns itself into a Mitsubishi Mirage and flips it.
The video has since gone viral, and the implication seems to be that the car malfunctioned.
The caption is “Electric Ford malfunctions, leaving the driver with no option but to pray behind the wheel.”
I have many issues with this characterization, which implies a lot that can’t be determined from this video. There are also stories being posted that imply the car couldn’t stop, when it’s not 100% clear that this is happening. I’ve driven vehicles equipped with BlueCruise, which is Ford’s advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), and it’s usually quick to hand control over to the driver in the case of any minute confusion on the part of the car as to what’s happening. The fact that the vehicle is crashing into the barrier implies to me that the vehicle is likely not in BlueCruise mode. This isn’t to say the technology is perfect. NHTSA did launch a probe into BlueCruise, but that was related to its ability to detect stationary objects.
Is it possible that the vehicle is merely accelerating out of control? Again, there hasn’t been a full investigation, so I can’t be sure. However, the Mach-E’s brakes are not brake-by-wire, which is to say that there is a physical connection between the brake pedal and the vehicle’s brakes. Even if the car was trying to accelerate, the brakes should work. The possibility of a new vehicle’s brakes failing while the rest of the car’s many safety systems fail simultaneously seems low.
Additionally, once the car collides with the Mirage, the vehicle that was allegedly accelerating out of control mysteriously stops accelerating. How is that possible?
Finally, the praying thing is strange. The “no option but to pray” ignores the many, many God-given options a person in this situation has. Besides using the actual brakes and steering wheel with his clearly functioning hands, he could attempt to turn the car off, throw it in neutral, or do literally anything else.
So what happened? The local CHP office, which investigated the crash, had a simple explanation in their statement:
DRIVER ARRESTED FOR DUI AFTER COMMUTE HOUR CRASH
(SAN CARLOS, Calif.)- The California Highway Patrol (CHP) – Redwood City Area is aware of a video recently shared on social media by a passing motorist. We appreciate the public’s interest and want to provide accurate information and context regarding the incident.
On August 13, 2025, at approximately 1:08 p.m., officers assigned to the CHP Redwood City Area office were dispatched to a two-vehicle crash on US-101 southbound, south of Holly Street, in San Carlos. The preliminary investigation indicates the driver of a green Ford Mustang Mach E, crashed into a red Mitsubishi Mirage then collided with the right shoulder wall near the Holly Street overcrossing. Through our investigation, we determined the vehicle was not operating in autonomous mode and CHP officers arrested the driver on suspicion of driving under the influence, resulting in injuries to another.
While we understand public interest in such incidents, video clips may not capture the complete context or investigative process. The CHP conducts each investigation thoroughly, professionally, and in accordance with the law. We thank the community for its concern and remind motorist to report dangerous driving by calling 9-1-1.
The Mission of the California Highway Patrol is to provide the highest level of Safety, Service, and Security.
The police allege that the man was under the influence, which seems like the simplest answer here. It’s possible the car did have an issue (the CHP merely states the vehicle wasn’t in autonomous mode) and the driver just panicked. It’s also possible he was merely out of his mind.
Whatever the full reason, because of the way that the Internet is constructed, I saw a dozen videos claiming it was a failure of autopilot (not offered on this car) or that Ford should be sued. What I didn’t see was any post that took the 60-second step of trying to find out any context. Will there be a bunch of viral videos with the police statement to follow? I’m guessing not.
We, as a society, were not mature enough for the internet..
The people who told us “don’t believe everything you see on the internet” went on to indeed believe everything they see on the internet.
Often they don’t believe the few things on the internet that are actually true or correct, but all the other stuff -definitely.
My boomer co worker just told me how he knows the guy who developed AI (XD) and when they tried to turn it off, it said “I won’t let you do that”. Among a few other hilariously impossible anecdotes.
MFers literally think life is a Hollywood movie plot. We are so fucked as a society.
To be fair – if I told you my movie idea was:
“South African billionaire buys an election to get access to IRS and SS databases”
You’d say “we need to cool it with the Batman remakes for a little while”
I mean at least we have moved on from the 100MPG carburetors, and cars that run on water?
Another reason to ban gesture controls.
Maybe the Mustang thought is was leaving a parking lot?
I watched a vehicle sliding on the ice one day, the driver had her hands over he eyes for a half block before it slid into a pole and stopped – looks like the same technique minus liquor
As far as I can tell, dude definitely isn’t praying, either – it looks to me like he’s only holding up one hand.
Inebriated driver lets Jesus take the wheel, instead of enlightenment it was only a Mirage…and a DUI.
This is an interesting story and I have to admit I haven’t watched the video in question. My main takeaway is that the CHP is saying, in part, that his car snitched on him which is totally possible these days. They evidently have the ability to download everything including perhaps built in cameras to settle any question about vehicle telemetry after a serious crash. Which is something.
Yep. If people bothered to read the fine print in their auto insurance policies, they see that they give the insurer the right to the vehicle telemetry for this exact reason. The newer the ride, the more it can (and will) narc on you.
That’s a genuinely nice shade of green on that Mustang EV. 🙂 It looks like the one from the Bullit Mustang.
The guy isn’t even TRYING to control the car by taking the wheel and on seeing that, it seems more than a little likely that he’s not stepping on the brake pedal either.
Just another drunk a$$hole endangering his and everyone else’s life by driving under the influence. Why there isn’t consistent/severe FEDERAL sentencing for DUIs is a mystery to me… I think it’s still just a misdemeanor in some states. Insanity, especially given how many lives are lost/irrevocably altered due to DUIs in America each day.
Messed up all that nice green paint too.
I’m old enough to remember the Audi 5000/60 Minutes ‘unintended acceleration’ fiasco decades ago. That too turned out to be a case of user error, not an actual malfunction with the cars. It was so widely publicized/notorious that street kids in New York at the time actually used the slang “I’m Audi 5000” to mean “I’m leaving/out of here.” I know this because my GF at the time worked at Covenant House in lower Manhattan and she’d share all sorts of cultural tidbits that I’d otherwise never have know about.
I had assumed that it was because “Audi” sounds like “out-ty”, like I’m outta here.
You know, I never thought of that. I suppose it’s possible… but there was so much tv coverage of the whole Audi 5000 ‘scandal’ at the time… pretty much most local news shows piggybacked onto the 60 Minutes coverage, and it dragged on for months. I sort of assumed that kids would use the “I’m Audi 5000” to mean they were leaving because either the cars were rumored to run away fast (the unintended acceleration) or because Audi itself sort of almost left the US car market afterwards due to the hit their reputation took (the didn’t actually leave, but I’m sure their revenue suffered). IIRC, the Audi 5000 was actually quite a nice car for the time.
For those not old enough to remember it, here’s a brief Wikipedia link to a concise rundown of this automotive history tidbit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_unintended_acceleration#Audi_5000
I have a vague memory of people saying “Audi” on its own, so it might have been a prior expression that got the “5000” humorously added to it due to the coverage.
That green on a little Mustang is so good. With bronze wheels and the sun just right you will want a Mustang.
I agree 100%. I never had a Mustang of any kind, and dislike Ford due to the bungling of the Maverick roll-out that kept me from buying one at the sub $22K price, but even the EV Mustang looks nice in that green. 🙂
If you look at the tail-lights, it appears that the hazard lights are on, but I don’t see any brake lights.
They come on briefly after the crash with the Mirage (0:45). They’re the upper half of the taillights
“Eruption Green” is a great color. It’s on the Mach-E, Maverick, Bronco Sport, and Bronco and maybe some others.
I’m a GM ev tech. If Ford EV brakes are anything like ours they are undersized for the weight of the vehicle and rely way too much on the regenerative braking.
We have an Equinox EV right now with a charging issue preventing inhibiting the regenerative brakes. It’s also setting a code for the brakes overheating, just from regular driving. If the computer decided to floor it and I don’t think there is anything you can do to stop it.
I can’t speak to the standard Mach-E brakes, but the larger six-piston Ford calipers on the Mach-E GT (and you can get Brembos as an upgrade beyond that) feel like hitting a wall if you stand on them. Even with ABS, you’ll lock up the wheels if you full-on panic brake. The brakes feel overkill for the car, honestly.
While there aren’t direct US vehicle regulations that mandate a car’s brakes can overpower the engine at maximum torque, there are a lot of regulations that indirectly ensure that scenario doesn’t happen. Most automakers have voluntarily adopted throttle management schemes that cut throttle input when the accelerator and brake and pressed together.
It sounds like the GT brakes aren’t undersized. I would bet the Equinox EV I’m working on would lock up the brakes if you slammed on them, but that doesn’t mean they won’t also overheat much easier than a traditional car.
It will cut throttle input IF it’s working as it’s supposed too.
Usually even with smaller brakes, there’s still plenty of clamping force. They might overheat with a slow stop or multiple half-hearted attempts, but I bet they could still manage one hard stop even at full output power.
I saw a video of a high speed chase of a full size ambulance that ended when they ran over a curb.
That triggered crash sensors that disabled it, likely cutting off fuel.
I used to hear of those shutoffs kicking in regularly.
Did they fix over sensitivity?
Thanks for reinforcing my aversion to fake videos though.
Well if it was an ambulance then good chances it was a Ford and yes Ford has used Inertia Switches to shut off fuel pumps when it detects a significant enough impact. The also open the battery contactors on vehicles with a high voltage battery pack.
I agree. There are at least a half dozen ways to stop this vehicle. Unfortunately he chooses the wrong one.
Well, contrary to the headline of the story, the video is exactly what I thought it was: an inebriated dumbass (drugs and/or alcohol, but I’m betting meth is involved) who was praying (or doing something else that looked like praying) instead of steering or braking or turning the car off.
Someone in a comment about this was spot on, even in EVs like this, the steering, braking, and acceleration are all separate loops, and brake-by-wire is not fully legal in the US. The odds that every single system failed in tandem to cause an accident like this is effectively zero. The brakes will have a mechanical coupling to the pedal, so even if unpowered, will do something. Likewise the Mach E does NOT have steer-by-wire, so it should have been somewhat functional pre-crash.
All that added up and a DUI is really the only thing that makes sense, and is by far the simplest solution.
God some of the brain rot comments I saw on this crash were ridiculous. I assumed it was most likely driver error. But saw so many comments blaming this because it was an EV and the comments were saying they are just so much more complex then ICE cars and some systems must have failed to cause this because you know modern ICE cars don’t have a bunch of complex systems on them or anything.
Exactly, almost all EVs and ICE cars today share the exact same tech for everything that “failed” here. Throttle: over wire in all ICE and EVs, and has been for a while. EPAS but over a physical shaft in 99.9% of all ICE and EVs. And brakes, all physically connected to the pedal, and most ICE cars and all EVs use an electric booster to a hydraulic system. In this case, all the systems are practically identical from a hardware type and control loop standpoint.
What the hell is wrong with drunk people. Control yourselves morons.
What’s wrong with them is they’re drunk.
When I was really little, that was actually considered a reasonable excuse for crap like this. Then some mothers against drunk driving became M.A.D.D. about it and society finally woke up to the idea that being impaired while operating machinery weighing thousands of pounds probably wasn’t a good idea.
The better question is why do people drive when they’re impaired. But then again, the answer to that is self evident – they’re drunk…
Remember that old song about having a hole in the bucket?
I had a co-worker who was furious that he lost his license for 30 days on his fifth drunk driving conviction within two years. He readily admitted that he drove drunk at least once a week, but insisted it wasn’t a problem because he had never had an accident. He subsequently lost his license for a full year a couple of years later because he never changed his behaviour. That one year of not driving seemed to wake him up and to the best of my knowledge he hasn’t driven drunk since. (At least he hasn’t been caught.)
Play stupid games, win stupid prizes. Hopefully he’s learned not to play anymore.
“Please drink the irresponsibility juice responsibly!”
Driver technology can’t fully fix stupid. It can only slightly alleviate it.
That being said, I have had the complete opposite experience with our Mach E, which always errs on the side of caution if I’m letting it drive itself (which isn’t very often).
How many decades has it been since the Audi unintended acceleration debacle?
I’m convinced that a lot of ADAS are actually breeding worse drivers because they’re reliant on electronic nannies instead of using their eyes and brain.
I would tend to agree, but there’s also a lot more distractions for drivers and their self-centered minds nowadays compared to B.S. (before smartphones)
4…
Decades since the incorrect (to put it nicely) “reporting” by 60 minutes that almost ended Audi selling cars in the USA market
I didn’t see the 60 Minutes report, but I do remember an Audi 5000 yeeting (as the kids say) itself off the front of the lift at my parents’ oil change shop when I was a kid in the Chicago burbs. It must’ve happened before it became a known issue, since their shop was blamed for the incident and my folks had to fix the car.
They should’ve sued Audi afterwards, but they sold the business shortly thereafter and we moved to the East Coast.
(I also remember a woman driving up to me on a busy Saturday, complaining about the wait time. She said, “It says 15 minute oil changes! I’ve been waiting for 20 minutes!” I had to remind her that it’s 15 minutes when your car gets on the lift, adding further proof that dumb people have always existed.)
It’s been 15 years since the floormat saga? Good grief, I’m old.
Its also been over 21 years since Nipplegate
Why you do that to me?
1) Find wound
2) Apply salt
I turned my head of one second….
Yeah, I had the same feeling.
This was a big deal here in San Diego back in 2009 because a CHP officer driving a loaner Lexus was killed due to unintended acceleration because of floor mats. Just as David said here, my first thoughts were that there were multiple ways to stop the car and I was very surprised a trained CHP officer didn’t know this.
Pro tip: If your car is accelerating out of control you can always shift into neutral and let the damn engine blow. Better than killing yourself or someone else.
Out of control throttle with brake failure has happened even before cars with electronics.
Sophisticated airliners fail in myriad ways.
Shouldn’t be a shock that built by the lowest bidder cars do too.
Thanks to shift by wire, that’s assuming that the computer will let you shift into neutral.
IIRC one of the idiotic things about the vehicle programming was that Start/Stop button wouldn’t shut off the engine unless it was pressed multiple times.
I suggested throwing the transmission into neutral because of your last sentence. You can’t just “turn the key off” anymore and it’s not always clear how to shut off the engine in an emergency situation.
I haven’t heard of any cases where someone was unable to shift out of drive gear even on newer “shift by wire” vehicles, but I suppose it’s possible. Still, the chances of an unintended acceleration failure AND a shift failure happening at the same time are very low.
I wouldn’t be surprised if there were code to where the transmission won’t shift into neutral at full or high throttle to prevent accidentally doing so.
Also, I remembered how other automakers like Mercedes and VW having code in their systems where the brake overrides the throttle that Toyota didn’t have. They did this as a failsafe in the event of a sensor failure.
“Pro tip: If your car is accelerating out of control you can always shift into neutral and let the damn engine blow. Better than killing yourself or someone else.”
Most cars have had rev limiters for ages, and some even have a separate P/N rev limit that is significantly below the standard rev limit. GM and Ford often set them at 2000-2500 rpm back in the late 80’s/early 90’s.
But yeah I’d rather kill an engine than myself any day of the week.
How long since the Firestone/Explorer truck flipping debacle?
People are idiots, at no point in the video is there any sign that the guy is making any attempt at all to steer the car, and the brake lights never came on, him being drunk or stoned out of his mind was always the most reasonable explanation.
Yep. If this was like a 30 year old Silverado or something everyone would’ve already scrolled past it. Because it involved an EV all the rubes have to get their tinfoil hats out and make a whole thing out of it.
Somebody gave an Altima driver a Mach E.
Except the brake lights do come on at the 45-second mark.
I didn’t see any brake lights, just the hazards flashing.
At like 45 seconds into 46, after the moment of impact with the car, you can go frame by frame on a desktop using the < and > buttons. The red brake lights are clearly distinguishable from the amber flashers.
Thanks, now I see them, the upper half of the assembly over the hazards. They just kinda blended in on my first viewing. Which proves he was making no attempt at braking before that.
I’d hate to be that guy’s lawyer.
Unless the guy’s (unlikely) an indigent and gets a public defender, his lawyer will get paid handsomely no matter what the outcome.
I appreciate the Autopian waiting for the whole story rather than just posting clickbait. Thanks gang!
You forgot to mention all the comments stating the video was an AI-created video and is not real one.
I’ll take that over fear mongering about EVs any day. Being skeptical that any shocking video could be AI fakery is a good thing in this brave new world of propaganda.
Looks like nonsense to me too, but is the Mach-E steer-by-wire? It appears to be steering to the right, into the divider. Then as soon as the divider ends, that rightward steering takes it into the two lanes where the point-of-view car and the red Mitsu are traveling. Still no excuse for not stopping.
I mean, there’s a non-zero chance this drunk dumbass hit the wall before the video started and screwed up the steering. Also a non-zero chance he just didn’t feel like steering at that precise moment. Because he was drunk.
No. It has electrically assisted mechanical steering like almost every other car sold in the last 10 years, regardless of powertrain. There is a 100% physical connection from the wheel to the steering knuckles, and if the electrical system hypothetically completely failed, the driver could still control the steering unassisted.
OK, so that answers one question but begs another: how is it that the thing keeps trying to turn right? At the moment the divider ends the right front appears to already be turned right, but the steering should self-center if there are no hands on the wheel.
The crown of the highway to help clear water runoff will naturally make cars drift off to the edges with no input. You’ve never noticed that? Some highways are much more noticeable than others.
We never see the initial impact with the wall. That could have damaged the steering knuckle (at a minimum it messed up the alignment, which by itself could make it pull to the side with no driver intervention). The driver could have been holding the wheel with one hand or his legs (hard to see if both hands are visible). Tons of possibilities, all of which could occur on any car in that scenario.
Front suspensions are set differently for high snow areas, due to the crown.
I had one set to neutral, and it was barely drive able till I got out of the hills.
Might have just been bad roads.
Once the wheels are jammed rightward against the wall, they will continue being pushed in that direction by the wall.
By the end of the video, the knuckles are surely destroyed and unable to self center.
He’s just asking Jesus to take the wheels.
Unfortunately, Jesus was a desert yokel from the Bronze Age and couldn’t tell a Cybertruck from a dumpster.
This implies there is a way to differentiate the two now.
Elon Musk is suddenly the prime mover of cognitive dissonance.
The Bronze Age ended in 1200 BCE, which was 300 years before the reign of King Solomon
I praise Catholic schools for their exemplary job in churning out atheists.
Eh, I only attended one for a single year, and I was already an atheist going in.
And besides, it’s really only the Jesuit schools that do that.
Not quite atheist, but I stopped buying into religion in the second grade after a nun told a classmate whose pet just died that animals don’t go to heaven, they’re just dead. I thought: why would that be true when we are all alive—either we’re all just dead or we all have some afterlife. At a minimum, what about animals that save people? And if there are exceptions, then we all have souls, back to point one. There was no way she knew if that was true and why would she tell the kid that even if she did? While some of those thoughts came after thinking about it for a bit, I quickly determined that I had no interest in following a religion with people of questionable knowledge and decency that was supposedly trying to prepare me to live a life that would put me in a shitty place without animals, just boring people. None of those thoughts changed since then except that I find people more maliciously stupid than boring and that, if there was a rewarding afterlife, it would far more likely be filled with non-human animals.
Imagine how you’d have felt being a low level Egyptian palace slave and told that your tragically inbred living God, Pharaoh was dying but good news! Your grief would be short. Your fate was to be killed along with other lucky members of the palace staff by Pharaoh’s guards after the funeral so you could continue to slave away for him throughout eternity in the afterlife. He’s accustomed to a certain lifestyle after all, why let that stop at death?
But hey, at least there are plenty of animals, even half human, half animal gods there.
“I was pushing the brake and not the clutch!”
“Sir, that’s the throttle and not the brake.”
“Sorry, these four pedals are very confusing.”
“OK, how about we step out of the car for a second…”
I nominate this for COTD
No mention of the driver of the video car taking video while driving?
Was the video car doing the honking? Did it have on its hazards to warn other drivers? That Mirage seemed like it was ready to merge onto a freeway at speed from the right lane, around the video car. Seems that the responsibility of the video car was not to document but call attention to the danger, but assuming honking and hazards, I don’t know what else to do.
The video car braking at the end of the median suggests either familiarity with the on-ramp or that the driver was doing a better job watching the road than one would expect from someone recording video.
That is some seriously powerful Influence to be under at 1:08pm on a Wednesday.
I hope the Mirage driver is OK and that their car can be repaired.
You can’t drink all day if don’t start before noon.
My favorite sign advertising a St Patricks day brunch special at a local bar.
Well, you would have to get up pretty early to be drunk by 1:00
Unless I was on vacation on some resort somewhere and not driving, yeah, it would never happen.
It would be a hilarious turn of events if the person who posted that Ford should get sued gets sued by Ford for slander.
This! I think there should be some kind of repercussions for posting misleading/bogus/AI videos. Unfortunately, the pipeline is a giant firehose on full blast.
Anytime I see a wild/unbelievable video now, I automatically assume its fake/AI/staged unless proven otherwise. Irritates my wife when she’s always trying to show me these videos…she’s falls for them all the time.
I keep my FB account to communicate with my RC flying club members. Unfortunately that means being shown the FB “suggested” feeds.
I AUTOMATICALLY assume all posts to be engineered to rile people up and/or AI generated, unless they are from reputable news sources.
All the pr0n in the world didn’t do 1% of the damage to our society as social media did.
“I AUTOMATICALLY assume all posts to be engineered to rile people up and/or AI generated, unless they are from reputable news sources.”
Even otherwise reliable news sources sometimes get pranked:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2XYgM2K2dqk
Especially now that Trump has threatened all the major social media outlets into being completely hands-off, fake news has skyrocketed on these platforms.
The real reason governments try to suppress uncensored sites is they create a population sophisticated at spotting fake or misrepresented images.
And of course, politicians detest free speech.
Unfortunately, my parent’s generation has not learned this skill and since they grew up with a ‘trusted’ media, they swallow all the garbage hook, line and sinker. My kids have blocked Mawmaw on Facebook.
In the days of journalism, lots of stories covered people caught lying, and still do.
Baltimore managed to reduce rapes by 80% in one year.
Can you spot the problem with this good news story?
Yet the new editor of the Memphis Flyer claims the public is misled because they grasp that crime is not going down, but getting worse.
Part of the defense of this are the fake statistics being generated by the police force in control of NOT filing crime reports.
They have a long history of reducing crime by not filing reports or prosecuting crimes.
That editorial was in the July 31 edition.
Where is the evidence of this massive police conspiracy to cover up the crime rate? Where is the motive? Police get more funding when crime rates are high. Y0u’re literally repeating fake new narratives to us right now. “Don’t trust empirical evidence, trust the logical fallacies in your brain!”
Department of Justice primarily.
There are many federal consent decrees, including long term ones in Memphis.
I filed over a dozen serious criminal complaints in Memphis, none of which were prosecuted.
Many never had accurate reports written at all.
NONE of this is new or fake.
Where have you been that you don’t know about it?
They reduce crime by lying because it’s easier than doing their job.
For that matter, younger generations seem to struggle with it as well.
I get the philosophical attractiveness of “let everyone say whatever, and the truth will win out over the lies”, but we’ve tried that experiment and empirically it just doesn’t work out that way. The misinformation gets way more views and traction than the debunking.
You say “governments” as if they are a monolith. Even just different presidential administrations have different priorities, never mind different systems of governance. The current president threatened all the major social media outlets into being completely hands-off, and fake news has skyrocketed on these platforms.
Skyrocketed?
I guess you weren’t watching under other administrations.
Editorials are specifically the opposite of journalism.