The basic formula for an off-road vehicle hasn’t changed much throughout history. Some of the most capable vehicles have four-wheel drive, loads of ground clearance, knobby tires, and lockers. Inventor Charles F. Taylor thought the status quo was wrong and that while 4x4s worked, there was a better way. How? Taylor saw a future of off-road trucks that rode on just one giant wheel. It sounds like something out of science fiction, then he built a real-life example to prove his point.
The four-wheel-drive vehicle has been around for almost as long as the car itself has. Depending on who you ask, the Spyker 60 HP racecar built by the Spijkers in 1902 was the first car to have full time mechanical four-wheel-drive. It also had four-wheel brakes and a six-cylinder engine.
Many early 4x4s were for agricultural and military uses, but over the decades, 4x4s became useful for people who weren’t farmers or military. Eventually, going wheeling in a 4×4 became a recreational activity. Motorcycles have also been an important part of off-roading. Bikes could reach tight places 4x4s could not and to this day, the motorcycle remains one of the most minimalist ways to travel. The vast majority of motorcycles throughout history have a one-wheel-drive design, yet still get places far and beyond.
Inventor Charles F. Taylor of Golden, Colorado, thought there was something better than either the 4×4 or the motorcycle. He felt that the existing off-road vehicles weren’t really suited to tight mountain trails. His solution? Reduce the number of wheels to one and have a compact off-road truck-like vehicle that hauled itself over any obstacle in its path.
Taylor passed in 1997 after 81 years of engineering, inventions, and creativity. Sadly, like many inventors who did not become famous, Taylor’s work didn’t really gain traction until after his death. As Hemmings explains, we know of Taylor’s inventions through Oliver O’Reilly, a Professor at UC Berkeley. One time, O’Reilly taught a seminar on movies and mechanics when he was approached by Tony Urry. Urry’s cousin married Mary Anne Taylor, Charles Taylor’s daughter. Through these people, we now know of the inventions of a man almost forgotten in history.
Mary Urry provided the O’Reilly with this story, from UC Berkeley:
Charles F. Taylor (1916-1997) was an American Engineer and Inventor. He spent two years of undergraduate study at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
During the Second World War, Taylor worked on VG recorders at Hathaway Instrument Company in Denver. Previously, he had worked at International Harvester at the start of the 1940’s. In the 1950’s and 60’s he worked at Coors Porcelain in Golden Colorado. For Coors, he developed a ceramic ball press. As this was a device that their competitors, Champion Spark Plug had tried and failed for years to develop, it was an invaluable machine for Coors Porcelain. The extremely hard ceramic balls created by the press are still used today, especially in industrial grinding, particularly white pigment for paint, which metal balls would mark or stain. In the late 1960’s, Taylor left Coors to work at Morse Chain (which became a division of Borg Warner) in Denver, where he stayed until the mid 1970’s. Here, he worked on drive trains and transmissions, and even developed two patents for automatic transmissions in 1971 and 1973.
If you’re interested in looking at Taylor’s patents, Google has pages of his patents available by clicking here.
As Hemmings writes, Taylor had a fondness for tractors thanks in-part to his experience at International Harvester, but his dream was a different kind of vehicle. Starting in about 1939, Taylor’s dream and magnum opus was an off-road vehicle that was propelled, suspended, braked, and steered by a single wheel. And since we’re talking about the 1930s here, we’re talking about a vehicle that would do this entirely mechanically without a computer in sight.
When Taylor wasn’t inventing the ceramic ball press or engineering for other companies, he worked on his dream. The Taylor One-Wheeled Vehicle started life as a giant single wheel that was thought to have been borrowed from a tractor. surrounding the wheel was a perimeter frame and a station for the driver. But the real magic was how it worked.
O’Reilly became fascinated with the one-wheel vehicle and joined forces with two undergraduates, Bernice Yen and Tim Wheeler. Together, they wanted to figure out how Taylor not only concocted the vehicle but actually built functional prototypes and filmed the concept working. O’Reilly, with additional help from Eric Lew and Bayram Orazov, pored over the patents and the video. The result is that they figured out how to explain most of Taylor’s one-wheel vehicle, which Urry indicated that Taylor affectionately called his “rig.”
From the Berkeley Engineering Division:
The steering system for the one-wheeled vehicle is fairly simple. It utilizes a gyroscope which is mounted at the rear end of the vehicle, on the right side, and turns about an axis in the lateral (left to right) direction. The steering wheel is in the front of the vehicle, on the left side. As the wheel is turned, that motion is transferred to a long rod, which in turn, affects the motion of a lever at the rear left side of the vehicle. Attached to this lever, is a threaded rod, which is attached to a handwheel, so that the gyroscope position may be manually adjusted, ensuring that the gyroscopic weight wheel has an angular velocity direction perpendicular to that of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. The rod, as affected by the motion of the lever, can impart to the gyroscope, a moment in the z-direction (up and down), causing angular acceleration in the third (lateral) direction, allowing the vehicle to turn.
The stabilizing mechanisms for the one-wheeled vehicle must be able to counter perturbations in both the lateral (side to side) and longitudinal (front to back) directions.
The stabilizing system for the one-wheeled vehicle includes two gyroscopes. The first gyroscope, whose main function is steering, also aids in lateral balance. It keeps the vehicle platform from dipping down on the left or right sides, since gyroscopes strongly resist changes to their rotation. Also affecting the lateral stability is a weight block at the rear end of the vehicle. The weight’s position is affected by the steering system. As the steering wheel turns, it affects the motion of a lever, which is then able to affect the position to the weight. As the lever moves, it moves the weight sideways, changing the center of mass of the vehicle, helping it to stay balanced.
The second gyroscope’s exact position on the one-wheeled vehicle is indeterminable from the drawings and explanations in the patent. However, its purpose is clear. The second gyroscope rotates in a plane parallel to that of the vehicle’s platform. As the platform tips longitudinally, it imparts an angular velocity in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the original angular velocity. The gyroscope then compensates by creating an angular acceleration, which imparts a force to the vehicle, restoring it to its original position and keeping it longitudinally balanced. Longitudinal balance may also be controlled by an airblower mounted at the end of the vehicle. As the vehicle tips forward, two small weights positioned longitudinally, and pinned at the middle rotate about the pin. A sensor registers how much they tip, and an electrical apparatus (undefined by Taylor ) processes the information. It then sends appropriate signals to a pair of solenoids, which affect the shutters of the airblower, thereby affecting how much force the airblower provides to the vehicle to keep it balanced.
The awesome part about all of this is that it’s not just theory. As I said earlier, Taylor built multiple machines and then made a home video showing one-wheel vehicles gliding above the ground.
Another patent was filed in 1960 and it’s believed that Taylor built at least three prototype rigs largely in secret and developed the concept through at least 1965.
Reportedly, Taylor may have even considered taking his idea mainstream. Urry says Taylor took his idea to the U.S. Military in the 1950s. However, it’s not known what, if anything, the military did with his idea. But, there is what appears to be a promotional image from Taylor showing a potential future where one-wheel trucks traversed steep terrain perfectly upright. It’s something right out of Popular Science.
When Taylor passed in 1997, he was survived by his daughters Betsy McGee and Mary Urry, son Charles Glenn, and widow Ruth Taylor. Urry is a major part of the reason why Taylor’s dream lives on today and Glenn appears to be bringing his father’s ideas back into reality again.
As Hemmings wrote in August, Glenn still has parts of his father’s projects and was able to provide additional insight.
That sole wheel stands five feet tall and its tire came from a tractor. The rig’s main engine is a Homelite two-stroke chainsaw engine while the gyroscope is powered by another Homelite two-stroke chainsaw. If that sounds underpowered for what appears in the video, it’s because as Glenn told Hemmings, the prototype shown moving at great speed in the video had an engine from a Ford Falcon and an electric gyroscope motor.
Glenn is sitting on the parts and most of the plans to make a modern version of his dad’s dream, but he isn’t an engineer. He hopes one day he’ll find someone who could put the pieces back together and get the Taylor rig working again.
Taylor’s story is inspirational. He had a dream — one that sounded impossible — and saw it through to make something the world hadn’t seen before. I wonder what would have happened had the ‘rig’ survived further than several working prototypes. Could there have been a future where we climb mountains on one wheel instead of two or four? I don’t know, but I’m glad Taylor’s one-wheeler exists. Inventors like Charles F. Taylor are proof that your ideas are worth chasing, even if they sound impossible.
(Images credited to Charles F. Taylor where applicable and used with permission.)
Those onewheel boards are probably infringing on some of his patents.
Any other local engineers wanna team up and reach out to the son and see if we can get it going again? Seems pretty simple on its face. At least worth a look.
Charles Taylor wearing Chuck Taylor shoes in the home videos is a nice touch.
After Charlie moved to the retirement home in the late 80s until shortly before my dad passed the gen 4 version hung in my dad’s garage waiting for him to have time to finish it, but life is full of fun projects and not enough time.
I think I’d rather have a mule.
An interesting application of compromises. The world’s best breakover angle, but also the worst approach and departure angles. Now nobody gets to be happy!
An interesting application of compromises. The world’s best breakover angle, but also the worst approach and departure angles. Now nobody gets to be happy!
Excuse me
Are we going to just sit on the fact that in his film, Charles Taylor is rocking a pair of Chuck Taylors?
More Seuss than “Sus”
So he designed the Segway before anyone else?
Just kidding. This is incredible engineering. The utterly genius use of gyros for mechanical balance blows my mind. With modern tech, this might actually be viable.
Viable? I thought these were old news by now.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZjxvW17cZ0
Indeed. However, I meant more as a larger vehicle with two axis control like Taylor’s. I’m not sure how actually useful it would, but viable, probably. It might make an awesome robotic mule design.
I haven’t seen anything here to indicate this thing would be amazing off road. The most off road thing the test vehicle did in the film was go over a 2″ piece of wood.
At best its maybe as good as a motorcycle but I think even that is a huge stretch. I think mud would be a big problem. The wheel would sink in mud and flip its rider forcibly into said mud severely injuring or killing the driver. If the gyro feedback prevented that it would just stay stuck. That is from what I’ve seen in historical farm equipment videos a problem with old tractors and this looks a lot worse.
Then there’s big rocks, how’s this thing supposed to rock crawl?
You’re thinking of the long board version. I’m thinking of one with much shorter overhang. More a big wheel with most everything in the center. South Park (Mr Garrison I believe) already designed such, but you might find their design to be slightly uncomfortable unless you’re really into that sort of thing.
Mr Garrison reinvented the wheel:
https://sinsheim.technik-museum.de/en/one-wheel-motorbike
Check out OneWheels. They’re exactly this in skateboard form. I occasionally see people riding them on mountain bike trails.
Oh wow, that is insanely cool! Shame these never gained popularity. Seems like one would be a neat alternative to a motorcycle.
This thing is bonkers in the best possible way.
The problem with “most-capable offroad” is that there’s an awful lot of “offroad” out there. Vehicles that are great in sand aren’t great on narrow and rocky forest trails. Tracked vehicles optimized for snow aren’t going to work in swamps (Hagglunds notwithstanding).
I’m assuming a production version of this has a much larger wheel and thus ground clearance isn’t as big of an issue (like the truck concept), but your ground pressure on that one contact pressure is 4x that of a four wheel vehicle. Get into really soft terrain like sand or snow, and this will have no floatation at all.
It’s a neat concept, and it would be cool to see one restored, but there’s a reason offroad vehicles come in all shapes and sizes.
Tank tracks are basically the most all around capable system, they do well in many off-road situations. Probably their biggest weakness is Moab-style slickrock, for which a four wheeled vehicle with large low pressure pneumatic tires is ideal and will likely never be surpassed.
There is a much better off roader than ANY of these things:
This one is self assembling, powered by a variety of widely available raw biofuels, it has self programming autonomy with an intelligence beats any current AI, it has limited self repairing capacity, it’s 100% recyclable and in a pinch you can eat it.
It’s a mule. Or a camel. Or a horse. Or a donkey, or an elephant, or a…
Well, you get the idea.
Stubborn as a mule, he is. 🙂
Personally I wanna develop the ultimate off roader. Breed giant mountain goats to ride.
How about this?
http://www.theoldrobots.com/Walking-Robot2.html
KILL IT! KILL IT WITH FIRE! KILL IT BEFORE IT GOES ALL TERMINATOR ON US!
I’m kinda surprised it hasn’t starred in a horror movie yet with that articulating combo grabber+branch ripper+chainsaw arm/tail.
The stuff of nightmares right there. If they install an ai in that thing, I’m getting on the first transport off this planet.
And I, for one, welcome our new mechanoinsect overlords.
I’d like to remind them as a trusted Autopan commentariat personality, I can be helpful in rounding up others to toil in their underground battery caves”
Hey! The Overlizards do not like competition! This is our planet to enslave!
OK, you two figure it out amongst yourselves. I’m happy to serve whomever comes out on top.
4x of the same vehicle weighing the same with 4 of those wheels. Each of those wheels and tires has weight, if you want all the wheels to be driven that adds a ton of weight, the steering will almost certainly add a ton of weight, and with all that extra weight your ground pressure goes up a ton, so then you gotta make the tires fatter, which increases weight, so on and so forth
Very cool!
David is an engineer…
So was Choo-Choo Charlie. (David will not get this reference.)
So… the rider is the rear fender?
I think Glenn should get in touch with the folks at the Lane Motor Museum. Their experience with the Gyro-X should make Mr. Taylor’s ‘rig’ right up their alley. I guess the historical timing doesn’t work out, but the ‘rig’ sure looks like Mr. Taylor saw the Gyro-X and said ‘Hold my beer!’ Wild.
Two words: Racing. Series.
He could license the design to get the details into the hands of more engineers while retaining some control. The engineers would jump on the idea for its intrinsic challenge, and the competitive aspect of racing would cover the PR and engagement angle while inspiring the engineering teams further.
Heck, make it an undergrad program for Mech Es, like the SAE competitions. Get a bunch of new minds, guided by old[er] minds, to parse and expand the design and see what happens. I think the results could be amazing.
Better than the one that Mr. Garrison rode on? Umkay…Maybe
YMMV
Yeah, but that one was still better than dealing with airlines
Way better.
“ … Taylor’s work didn’t really gain traction until after his death.” Hahaha! Priceless. Fascinating read.
Also, paging George Miller: found a new vehicle for the next Mad Max film.
The approach and departure angles are not great. Seems like an overly complex solution to a simple problem.
It looks like his ultimate idea was to make one of these that sat high off of the ground and with the body of a truck. The lowrider test vehicles were a proof of concept that he could make a whole vehicle run and drive on just one wheel.
I dunno, I don’t see this thing rock crawling very well.